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1 metal trades
отрасли металлообработки ; металлообрабатывающая промышленность ; -
2 metal trades
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3 metal
металл ; металлический ; рудный ; ? metallic and other mining ; ? metal industry ; ? metal trades ; ? metal worker ; ? metal working ; ? metal working machines ; ? base metals ; ? nonferrous metal industry ; ? non-metals ; -
4 trades
отрасли; торгует -
5 service trades
отрасли сферы услуг; профессии работников сферы обслуживания -
6 distributive trades
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7 scrap (metal) dealer
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8 MTIA
Сокращение: Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia -
9 leave smb. in the cold
(leave smb. (out) in the cold (тж. turn smb. out in the cold))игнорировать кого-л., проявлять невнимание к кому-л., обходить кого-л.; ≈ оставлять кого-л. за бортомThus, these highly skilled worker's unions leave thousands of laborers out in the cold. In fact, only five per cent of the textile workers of America are organized and even less in the metal trades. (Th. Dreiser, ‘Tragic America’, ch. XI) — Таким образом, эти профсоюзы, объединяющие высококвалифицированных рабочих, оставляют за бортом тысячи других. Фактически только 5% рабочих текстильной промышленности организованы в профсоюзы, а в металлургической промышленности процент еще ниже.
...she was not a popular or attractive girl and had been rather left out in the cold at social gatherings of the younger set. (K. S. Prichard, ‘Winged Seeds’, ch. VI) —...Миртл была малопривлекательная девушка и успехом не пользовалась, вечно сидела одна на балах и вечеринках.
He has very nice manners, and didn't address all his conversation to Mr. and Mrs. Harrison and leave me out in the cold as most of these young men do. (D. L. Sayers and R. Eustace, ‘The Documents in the Case’, section 1) — У него были прекрасные манеры. В отличие от большинства молодых людей в разговоре он обращался не только к мистеру и миссис Харрисон, но и ко мне, дотоле не избалованному вниманием.
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10 Champion, William
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1710 Bristol, Englandd. 1789 England[br]English metallurgist, the first to produce metallic zinc in England on an industrial scale.[br]William, the youngest of the three sons of Nehemiah Champion, stemmed from a West Country Quaker family long associated with the metal trades. His grandfather, also called Nehemiah, had been one of Abraham Darby's close Quaker friends when the brassworks at Baptist Mills was being established in 1702 and 1703. Nehemiah II took over the management of these works soon after Darby went to Coalbrookdale, and in 1719, as one of a group of Bristol copper smelters, he negotiated an agreement with Lord Falmouth to develop copper mines in the Redruth area in Cornwall. In 1723 he was granted a patent for a cementation brass-making process using finely granulated copper rather than the broken fragments of massive copper hitherto employed.In 1730 he returned to Bristol after a tour of European metallurgical centres, and he began to develop an industrial process for the manufacture of pure zinc ingots in England. Metallic zinc or spelter was then imported at great expense from the Far East, largely for the manufacture of copper alloys of golden colour used for cheap jewellery. The process William developed, after six years of experimentation, reduced zinc oxide with charcoal at temperatures well above the boiling point of zinc. The zinc vapour obtained was condensed rapidly to prevent reoxidation and finally collected under water. This process, patented in 1738, was operated in secret until 1766 when Watson described it in his Chemical Essays. After encountering much opposition from the Bristol merchants and zinc importers, William decided to establish his own integrated brassworks at Warmley, five meals east of Bristol. The Warmley plant began to produce in 1748 and expanded rapidly. By 1767, when Warmley employed about 2,000 men, women and children, more capital was needed, requiring a Royal Charter of Incorporation. A consortium of Champion's competitors opposed this and secured its refusal. After this defeat William lost the confidence of his fellow directors, who dismissed him. He was declared bankrupt in 1769 and his works were sold to the British Brass Company, which never operated Warmley at full capacity, although it produced zinc on that site until 1784.[br]Bibliography1723, British patent no. 454 (cementation brass-making process).1738, British patent no. 564 (zinc ingot production process).1767, British patent no. 867 (brass manufacture wing zinc blende).Further ReadingJ.Day, 1973, Bristol Brass: The History of the Industry, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.A.Raistrick, 1970, Dynasty of Ironfounders: The Darbys and Coalbrookdale, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.J.R.Harris, 1964, The Copper King, Liverpool University Press.ASD -
11 works
1. n pl работающие части механизма2. n pl шутл. машина3. n pl технические сооруженияpublic works — общественные работы; общественные сооружения
4. n pl строительные работы5. n pl воен. укрепления6. n употр. с гл. в ед. и мн. ч. завод, фабрика, мастерскиеСинонимический ряд:1. factories (noun) factories; mills; plants2. factory (noun) assembly plant; factory; foundry; industrial operations; manufactory; mill; plant; sawmill; steelworks; waterworks3. labours (noun) drudgeries; labours; moils; sweats; toils; travail4. pieces (noun) compositions; pieces; productions5. volumes (noun) operas; publications; titles; volumes6. working parts (noun) clockwork; gears; guts; innards; inner workings; insides; pistons; pulleys; working parts7. workmanship (noun) craftsmanship; workmanship8. works (noun) businesses; callings; employment; jobs; lines; occupations; pursuits; trades; vocations; works9. acts (verb) acts; behaves; performs; reacts; takes10. drives (verb) drives; fags; labors; labours; moils; strains; strives; sweats; tasks; taxes; toils; travails; tugs11. goes (verb) functions; goes; handles; operates; runs; uses12. kneads (verb) kneads; manipulates13. solves (verb) fixes; resolves; solves; work out; works; works out14. tends (verb) cultivates; cultures; dresses; tends; tills -
12 iron
iron ['aɪən](a) (made of, containing iron) de fer, en fer∎ iron discipline une discipline de fer;∎ an iron hand or fist in a velvet glove une main de fer dans un gant de velours(laundry) repasser(laundry) se repasser4 noun∎ made of iron de ou en fer;∎ she has a will of iron elle a une volonté de fer;∎ the iron and steel industry la sidérurgie;∎ (as) hard as iron dur comme ou aussi dur que le fer∎ spinach has a high iron content les épinards contiennent beaucoup de fer(c) (for laundry) fer m (à repasser);∎ your shirt needs an iron ta chemise a besoin d'un coup de fer ou d'être repassée(d) (tool, appliance) fer m;∎ to have many irons in the fire avoir plusieurs fers au feu∎ a five iron un fer cinq(chains) fers mpl;∎ clap them in irons! mettez-les aux fers!►► the Iron Age l'âge m du fer;∎ an Iron Age tool un outil de l'âge du fer;iron bar barre f de fer;iron bridge pont m en fer;History Iron Chancellor chancelier m de fer;the Iron Curtain le rideau de fer;∎ the Iron Curtain countries les pays mpl de l'Est;Medicine iron deficiency carence f en fer;familiar Technology iron fairy grue□ f;iron filings limaille f de fer;iron foundry fonderie f (de fonte);an iron grating une grille en fer;Medicine iron lung poumon m d'acier;iron maiden = instrument de torture consistant en un coffre à l'intérieur parsemé de pointes, dans lequel on place la victime;Mineralogy iron ore minerai m de fer;Mineralogy iron oxide oxyde m de fer;iron pyrites Mineralogy pyrite f (de fer);Golf iron shot coup m de fer;Industry Iron and Steel Trades Confederation = syndicat britannique des ouvriers de la sidérurgie;Medicine iron tablet comprimé m de fer;an iron will une volonté de fer∎ have you ironed out your differences? est-ce que vous avez résolu vos différends? -
13 Taylor, Frederick Winslow
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 20 March 1856 Germantown, Pennsylvania, USAd. 21 March 1915 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and pioneer of scientific management.[br]Frederick W.Taylor received his early education from his mother, followed by some years of schooling in France and Germany. Then in 1872 he entered Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, to prepare for Harvard Law School, as it was intended that he should follow his father's profession. However, in 1874 he had to abandon his studies because of poor eyesight, and he began an apprenticeship at a pump-manufacturing works in Philadelphia learning the trades of pattern-maker and machinist. On its completion in 1878 he joined the Midvale Steel Company, at first as a labourer but then as Shop Clerk and Foreman, finally becoming Chief Engineer in 1884. At the same time he was able to resume study in the evenings at the Stevens Institute of Technology, and in 1883 he obtained the degree of Mechanical Engineer (ME). He also found time to take part in amateur sport and in 1881 he won the tennis doubles championship of the United States.It was while with the Midvale Steel Company that Taylor began the systematic study of workshop management, and the application of his techniques produced significant increases in the company's output and productivity. In 1890 he became Manager of a company operating large paper mills in Maine and Wisconsin, until 1893 when he set up on his own account as a consulting engineer specializing in management organization. In 1898 he was retained exclusively by the Bethlehem Steel Company, and there continued his work on the metal-cutting process that he had started at Midvale. In collaboration with J.Maunsel White (1856–1912) he developed high-speed tool steels and their heat treatment which increased cutting capacity by up to 300 per cent. He resigned from the Bethlehem Steel Company in 1901 and devoted the remainder of his life to expounding the principles of scientific management which became known as "Taylorism". The Society to Promote the Science of Management was established in 1911, renamed the Taylor Society after his death. He was an active member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and was its President in 1906; his presidential address "On the Art of Cutting Metals" was reprinted in book form.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsParis Exposition Gold Medal 1900. Franklin Institute Elliott Cresson Gold Medal 1900. President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1906. Hon. ScD, University of Pennsylvania 1906. Hon. LLD, Hobart College 1912.BibliographyF.W.Taylor was the author of about 100 patents, several papers to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, On the Art of Cutting Metals (1907, New York) and The Principles of Scientific Management (1911, New York) and, with S.E.Thompson, 1905 A Treatise on Concrete, New York, and Concrete Costs, 1912, New York.Further ReadingThe standard biography is Frank B.Copley, 1923, Frederick W.Taylor, Father of Scientific Management, New York (reprinted 1969, New York) and there have been numerous commentaries on his work: see, for example, Daniel Nelson, 1980, Frederick W.Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management, Madison, Wis.RTSBiographical history of technology > Taylor, Frederick Winslow
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